Biomedical applications of ginsenosides nanoparticles synthesized using microbes

Panax ginseng serves as the promising candidate for treating several thousand diseases since ancient times. However, the presence of complex components leads to reduced therapeutic effects. Synthesis of bionanomaterials from the ginsenosides isolated from Panax ginseng through extracellular or intracellular mechanisms of probiotic bacterial population is found to enhance the specificity, reduce invasion and thus elevates the overall therapeutic biomedical applications. Intracellular and extracellular bacterial enzymes could help the conversion of metal coated ginsenoside secondary metabolites to the nano-sized biomaterials through a process of reduction. The intracellular and extracellular bionanomaterials are further confirmed using various spectroscopic methods of analysis. Green synthesized nanomaterials showed numerous biomedical applications including the anti-cancer, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties upon various cell lines. Microbial synthesis of nanomaterials is directed towards targeting the apoptotic and fereototic pathway-mediated cell death in various cancer cell lines. Likewise, it has got the potential to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine responses through MAPK signaling and NF-κB signaling pathway regulation. Thus, green synthesized bionanomaterials are biocompatible, biodegradable, safe, non-toxic and inert to the drug target bioactive constituents. Dissolution, protection from the GIT fluids and enzymes, cell permeation of the ginsenosides are influenced by suitable drug carrier or delivery agents that would allow these criteria to overcome the poor absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Therefore, microbe synthesized ginsenoside nanoparticles act as safe and effective anti-cancer and anti-inflammation biomaterials.