Construction of surface-rich MoS₂ nanoflowers decorated on 2D layered MXene nanohybrid heterostructure for highly efficient and rapid degradation of oxytetracycline

In this study, we successfully developed a hybrid architecture referred to as MoS₂@MX, involving the integration of MoS₂ layered onto MXene using a straightforward co-precipitation method. This innovative hybrid photocatalyst exhibited remarkable efficiency in removing oxytetracycline (OTC) molecules from aqueous solutions under visible-light irradiation. During the photocatalytic process, both MoS₂ and MX played distinct yet complementary roles. MoS₂ facilitated efficient electron transfer, while MX contributed to the generation of radicals. This unique collaboration resulted in a noteworthy 99 % oxidation efficiency for OTC degradation within a brief 60 min of visible light exposure in an aqueous environment. The radicals ¹O₂ and •OH were identified as the principal drivers behind OTC degradation, underscoring the vital role of the hybrid material. Mechanistically, the degradation of OTC involved several key steps, including C–H bond cleavage, de-carboxylation, C–N bond oxidation, and de-chlorination. Importantly, the MoS₂@MX hybrid composite demonstrated remarkable stability, maintaining a noteworthy photocatalytic efficiency of 89 % for targeted OTC removal after undergoing five consecutive cycles. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the potential of the MoS₂@MX hybrid material as an effective agent for degrading organic OTC compounds within aquatic environments. The hybrid's multifaceted roles and exceptional performance suggest promising applications in sustainable water treatment.