Genetic polymorphisms to predict gains in maximal O₂ uptake and knee peak torque after a high intensity training program in humans

Purpose: The study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that significantly influenced the level of improvement of two kinds of training responses, including maximal O₂ uptake (VʹO₂max) and knee peak torque of healthy adults participating in the high intensity training (HIT) program. The study also aimed to use these SNPs to develop prediction models for individual training responses. Methods: 79 Healthy volunteers participated in the HIT program. A genome-wide association study, based on 2,391,739 SNPs, was performed to identify SNPs that were significantly associated with gains in VʹO₂max and knee peak torque, following 9 weeks of the HIT program. To predict two training responses, two independent SNPs sets were determined using linear regression and iterative binary logistic regression analysis. False discovery rate analysis and permutation tests were performed to avoid false-positive findings. Results: To predict gains in VʹO₂max, 7 SNPs were identified. These SNPs accounted for 26.0 % of the variance in the increment of VʹO₂max, and discriminated the subjects into three subgroups, non-responders, medium responders, and high responders, with prediction accuracy of 86.1 %. For the knee peak torque, 6 SNPs were identified, and accounted for 27.5 % of the variance in the increment of knee peak torque. The prediction accuracy discriminating the subjects into the three subgroups was estimated as 77.2 %. Conclusions: Novel SNPs found in this study could explain, and predict inter-individual variability in gains of VʹO₂max, and knee peak torque. Furthermore, with these genetic markers, a methodology suggested in this study provides a sound approach for the personalized training program.