Occurrence, distribution, and potential exposure risk of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in South Korea

Hye Ryeon Gwon, Hye Ji Oh, Kwang Hyeon Chang, Tomohiko Isobe, Suk Yeon Lee, Ju Hyoung Kim, Sun Jae You, Jong Gu Kim, Joon Woo Kim

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21 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which are used in various plastic products, were analyzed in house dust samples collected from three Korean cities (Suwon, n = 23; Jeonju, n = 20; Kunsan, n = 42). OPFRs, including tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), were detected in 95%–100% of the samples analyzed, suggesting the widespread use of these compounds in Korea. The levels of TCEP, TCPP, and TDCPP in Suwon, Jeonju, and Kunsan ranged from the limit of quantitation to 46,000, 28,000, and 2400 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of all OPFRs were significantly higher in house dust samples from Suwon than from Jeonju and Kunsan; this is likely due to the increased use of these compounds in Suwon, which may be associated with the number, volume, and variety of household products in homes. In Korean homes, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OPFRs through house dust ingestion was lower than the guideline values; however, the EDI of OPFRs for toddlers was 30-fold greater than for adults, suggesting a limited risk to human health. This is the first comprehensive study of the occurrence and distribution of OPFRs in house dust in Korea.

Original languageEnglish
Article number144571
JournalScience of the Total Environment
Volume770
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 20 May 2021

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020

Keywords

  • House dust
  • Human health risk assessment
  • Organophosphate flame retardants
  • South Korea

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