Pyrometallurgical recycling of Li-ion, Ni–Cd and Ni–MH batteries: A minireview

This brief article review discusses the available pyrometallurgical methods for recycling of rechargeable batteries including Li-ion, Ni–Cd and Ni–MH batteries. Owing to the exponentially growing interest for using portable electronic devices and vehicles, rechargeable batteries have attracted significant attention in recent years, resulting in an increasing demand for critical metals such as Li, Co, Ni, rare earth elements. Because most of the published review articles have been investigated the hydrometallurgical methods, in this minireview, the current status of battery recycling, pretreatment, and especially pyrometallurgical methods of recycling of the rechargeable batteries are summarized.