Removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol by biogenic manganese oxides produced by the Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1

Synthetic and persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) have been frequently detected in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants and induce hazards to humans and wildlife. In this study, biogenic Mn oxides were tested for the removal of EE2, and factors affecting the reaction were also investigated. The biogenic Mn oxides produced by Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1 were nano-sized and poorly crystallized particles. A concentration of 7.9 mg l ^-1 biogenic Mn oxides showed 87% EE2 (1 mg l ^-1) removal efficiency in 2 h, which confirms the excellent potential of biogenic Mn oxides for removal of estrogens. EE2 removal was enhanced at high Mn oxide doses and at low pH. Co-existing heavy metals significantly inhibit EE2 removal, due to their competition for the reactive sites of biogenic Mn oxides. Humic acid (HA) also obstructed EE2 removal, but the adverse effect was alleviated as HA concentration increased, possibly due to the formation of soluble complexes with the released Mn ²⁺, of which adsorption onto Mn oxides reduces surface reactive sites.