Retraction:Apicidin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondrial dysfunction-associated apoptosis via phospholipase C?1- and Ca ²⁺-dependent pathway in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells

Apicidin, a fungal metabolite that functions as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in cancer cells. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of apicidin in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Apicidin induced apoptotic cell death and activation of caspase-12, -9, and -3. Apicidin induced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated proteins, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), cleavage of activating transcription factor 6α, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. Inhibition of ER stress by CHOP knockdown or using the ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutyric acid, reduced apicidin-induced cell death. Apicidin induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. An antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, reduced apicidin-induced cell death, CHOP expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, apicidin increased cytosolic Ca²⁺, which was blocked by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, an antagonist of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, and BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca²⁺ chelator. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and BAPTA-AM inhibited apicidin-induced cell death and ER stress. Interestingly, apicidin induced phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and inhibition of PLCγ1 and EGFR reduced cell death and ER stress. Finally, apicidin-induced histone H3 hyperacetylation and reduction of histone deacetylase 2 mRNA expression were not affected by either a PLCγ1 inhibitor, U73122, or the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. Taken together, the results suggest that apicidin induces apoptosis by ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction via PLCγ1 activation, Ca²⁺ release, and reactive oxygen species accumulation in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells.