Static electricity-based motion artifact-free electrocardiography with novel Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/Ag nanowire/polymer hybrid dry electrodes

With wearable devices featuring electrocardiogram (ECG) capabilities increasingly common, demand for accurate, simple ECG measurements has escalated. Although single-lead ECGs, which capture real-time heart rate and rhythm, are typically used in such devices, they encounter challenges related to the device-skin contact state, complicating serious heart disease prediction. While 12-lead ECGs provide superior measurements, they require wet electrodes, which are unsuitable for long-term use due to skin irritation and signal degradation over time. Dry electrodes have been explored as a potential resolution to this issue, yet they necessitate a substantial conductive surface area coupled with a stable contact to achieve low contact impedance with the skin. For the first time, we hereby propose a novel approach that simultaneously addresses the exigencies for substantial conductive surface coverage and remarkable contact stability, facilitating an ECG free from motion artifacts. The electrodes we propose are constituted by silver nanowires (AgNWs) entrenched beneath the surface of a polymer film, thereby displaying superior mechanical flexibility and lateral electrical conductivity. To counterbalance the restricted surface coverage of the embedded AgNW electrode, we integrated Ti₃C₂-based MXene nanosheets on the surface, thereby significantly enhancing the conductive coverage of the electrode surface. The electrostatic interaction between the functional groups on the MXene nanosheets’ surface and the positively charged human skin facilitates spontaneous contact, yielding stable contact and diminished vulnerability to motion artifacts. This novel electrode design holds considerable potential for the long-term monitoring of cardiac health, offering signal quality superior to that of existing wet and dry electrodes.